For 2 years, decentralized finance operated on the idea that purely crypto-native property might function the financial base for a parallel monetary system.
Ethereum staked by Lido anchored billions in DeFi loans, wrapped Bitcoin backed perpetual swaps, and algorithmic stablecoins recycled protocol emissions into artificial {dollars}.
The complete edifice assumed crypto might bootstrap its personal collateral hierarchy with out touching the $27 trillion US Treasury market.
That assumption has damaged quietly over the previous 18 months. Tokenized US Treasuries and money-market funds now sit at roughly $9 billion throughout 60 distinct merchandise and over 57,000 holder addresses, with a mean seven-day yield close to 3.8%. The expansion within the interval was greater than 5 instances.
Zoom out to all the real-world asset stack and tokenized RWAs on public chains method $19 billion, with authorities securities and earnings merchandise dominating, based on rwa.xyz information.
Treasuries have turn out to be the backbone of this stack, functionally replicating their position within the $5 trillion US repo market, the instrument in opposition to which every part else clears.
This isn’t boutique experimentation. BlackRock’s BUIDL fund reached almost $3 billion in dimension, was accepted as collateral on Binance, and was prolonged to BNB Chain.
Franklin Templeton’s BENJI token represents over $800 million in a US-registered authorities money-market fund, with its shareholder information maintained on seven totally different networks.
Circle’s USYC quietly surpassed $1.3 billion in July, fueled by a partnership with Binance that enabled institutional traders to make use of the token as collateral for derivatives buying and selling.
JPMorgan launched a $100 million tokenized money-market fund on Ethereum that permits certified traders to subscribe and redeem in USDC. The plumbing connecting Wall Road custody to Ethereum rails is in manufacturing, not proof-of-concept.
Wall Road custody meets Ethereum settlement
The issuer panorama reveals two competing theories of how crypto collateral evolves.
BlackRock’s BUIDL operates as a tokenized institutional liquidity fund managed by Securitize, with Financial institution of New York Mellon dealing with custody and fund administration. Shares represented by BUIDL tokens put money into money, US Treasuries, and repos.
Redemptions are made in USDC, with a $250,000 minimal and no redemption charge, putting BUIDL squarely within the institutional lane. Its acceptance as collateral on centralized exchanges and extension to a number of chains positions it as high-grade, dollar-denominated collateral for crypto derivatives and foundation trades.
Franklin Templeton took a special path with its OnChain US Authorities Cash Fund, which tokenizes the shareholder registry itself: one share equals one BENJI token, with switch and record-keeping maintained on-chain fairly than in a legacy transfer-agent database.
The fund stays a registered US authorities money-market fund, the innovation sits in the place the ledger lives.
This method bets that public blockchains can function a major document for regulated securities, not simply as a secondary token layer on high of conventional techniques.
Janus Henderson’s Anemoy Treasury Fund and Ondo Finance’s OUSG sit at reverse ends of a 3rd axis. Anemoy deploys tokens throughout Ethereum, Base, Arbitrum, and Celo, emphasizing multichain resilience, and has earned an S&P ranking centered on its tokenization structure.
Ondo, in contrast, operates as a DeFi-native issuer partnering with institutional back-ends. Its OUSG product provides 24/7 minting and redemption in USDC or PayPal’s PYUSD, concentrating on certified traders who need Treasury publicity with out leaving crypto-native rails.
Ondo’s broader platform reached $1.4 billion in whole worth locked by mid-2025, with roughly half tied to tokenized Treasury merchandise, and has since expanded multichain.
Smaller issuers fill the composability tail. Matrixdock’s STBT rebases curiosity each day and maintains a one-to-one peg with the greenback, backed by T-bills maturing inside six months and reverse repos.
OpenEden’s TBILL token earned a Moody’s “A” ranking and can be utilized as collateral in DeFi protocols.
On Solana, almost $530 million of the $792 million in tokenized real-world property are US Treasuries, with Ondo’s USDY commanding roughly $175 million and behaving like an interest-bearing stablecoin inside Solana DeFi functions.
Redemption mechanics constrain composability
Mechanically, most tokenized Treasury merchandise comply with the identical backbone. A regulated fund or special-purpose car holds short-dated US authorities securities and repos with a conventional custodian, equivalent to BNY Mellon.
A switch agent or tokenization platform mints ERC-20 or equal tokens representing fund shares, recorded on Ethereum or different layer-one blockchains.
Franklin’s BENJI maintains the shareholder document on-chain. In the meantime, BUIDL and OpenEden’s TBILL hold securities custody and fund administration firmly inside conventional belief buildings, whereas issuing tokens representing financial claims.
Ondo’s OUSG provides immediate 24/7 minting and redemptions in USDC or PYUSD, with the variety of tokens multiplied by web asset worth figuring out what an investor receives.
These are usually not tokenized CUSIPs that anybody can burn for a T-bill on the Federal Reserve. They’re tokenized fund shares with particular redemption home windows, minimal sizes, and know-your-customer necessities, even when the tokens themselves stay on public blockchains.
That distinction limits composability. Many of those tokens exist in allow-listed sensible contracts, and solely KYC’d wallets can maintain or transfer them. Some have minimal redemption sizes within the six-figure vary, and full composability is usually restricted to “KYC-DeFi” venues fairly than public permissionless swimming pools.
But inside these constraints, composability is advancing on two layers. On the institutional layer, tokenized Treasury funds perform as margin collateral.
The Monetary Instances reported that tokenized Treasury and money-market funds are more and more used as collateral for over-the-counter derivatives, permitting sellers to maneuver collateral 24/7 fairly than being tied to financial institution working hours.
USYC’s development is one other signal, because it has grown almost six instances since Circle and Binance partnered.
On the DeFi layer, integration is extra fragmented however actual. OpenEden’s TBILL tokens will be posted as collateral in DeFi lending protocols equivalent to River, with secondary liquidity on decentralized exchanges and RWA marketplaces.
Matrixdock’s STBT integrates with RWA yield platforms, providing roughly 5% APY on short-term Treasuries, with immediate minting and redemption coordinated with stablecoins like Ripple’s RLUSD.
MakerDAO held roughly $900 million in RWA collateral, a lot of it US Treasuries, by mid-2025, with plans to boost that share beneath the Sky Protocol rebrand.
Frax’s sFRAX vault instantly purchases US Treasuries through a associate financial institution and passes by a yield monitoring the in a single day repo fee. Tens of thousands and thousands of sFRAX staked, yielding close to 5%.
Protocols like Pendle deal with yield-bearing collateral, together with RWA-backed stablecoins and sDAI, as inputs into an on-chain interest-rate curve by splitting principal and yield into separate tokens.
As tokenized T-bills and Treasury-backed stablecoins proliferate, Pendle and related markets turn out to be the price-discovery layer for short-end charges in DeFi.
On Solana, greater than 50% of tokenized RWAs are US Treasuries, with Ondo’s USDY and OUSG among the many largest positions, based on DefiLlama information.
Ethereum capabilities because the regulatory backbone, with BUIDL, BENJI, and Anemoy, whereas Solana operates as a high-throughput rail the place Treasury-backed tokens behave virtually like interest-bearing stablecoins in DeFi functions.
Regulatory friction and systemic threat
The regulatory structure sits throughout three questions: who can maintain these tokens, the place they’re registered, and the way they intersect with stablecoin guidelines.
Most giant issuers function as money-market funds or skilled funds beneath current securities legislation. BENJI/FOBXX is a US-registered authorities money-market fund.
OpenEden’s TBILL Fund is a British Virgin Islands-regulated skilled fund overseen by the BVI Monetary Companies Fee. Janus Henderson’s Anemoy earned an S&P ranking centered on its tokenization setup and controls.
Regulatory frameworks such because the EU’s Markets in Crypto-Property and, within the US, proposed stablecoin laws explicitly reference tokenized Treasuries and money-market funds, offering readability for issuers on wrapping authorities debt in tokens.
Nonetheless, most of this composability stays permissioned. KYC-DeFi venues, not public permissionless swimming pools, host nearly all of integration.
With regards to systemic threat, convergence with stablecoins issues most. Again in mid-2024, Circle held roughly $28.1 billion in short-dated US Treasuries and in a single day reverse repos for USDC reserves, out of a complete of $28.6 billion in reserves.
Even earlier than Treasuries grew to become widespread on-chain as freely movable tokens, they have been already the unseen collateral behind systemically vital stablecoins.
Tokenization makes the collateral itself transportable, pledgeable, and, in some instances, composable as DeFi cash.
In brief, stablecoins already monetized Treasuries as reserve property. Tokenized Treasury funds now carry that collateral on-chain, the place it may be rehypothecated, margined, and composed into fee curves and structured merchandise.
Yield cycle or structural shift
Two forces clarify the expansion trajectory. On the cyclical facet, the 2023 to 2025 fee setting offered an apparent tailwind.
Entrance-end US yields vary from 4% to five%, making tokenized T-bills a transparent improve over zero-yield stablecoins, particularly for market-making companies and decentralized autonomous organizations that must park idle money on-chain.
Issuance climbed from roughly $1.3 billion in early 2024 to $9 billion as of Dec. 15, intently monitoring the rise in front-end charges.
On the structural facet, a number of information factors argue this extends past a commerce on the speed cycle. Complete tokenized RWAs on public chains crossed $18.5 billion, with authorities debt because the anchor.
Tokenized Treasury funds have turn out to be accepted collateral for crypto derivatives and centralized alternate margin, and establishments like JPMorgan are launching tokenized money-market funds on Ethereum explicitly to reap the benefits of 24/7 settlement and stablecoin rails.
DeFi’s financial base has quietly shifted from pure crypto to a mix of stablecoins and RWA-backed devices. Maker, Frax, and others more and more depend on Treasuries and repos as collateral.
Pendle and related protocols construct on-chain fee curves that reference these devices.
Solana’s RWA panorama is dominated by Treasury-backed tokens that behave like yield-bearing stablecoins inside DeFi functions.
Tokenized Treasuries are evolving into crypto’s repo market: a base layer of dollar-denominated, state-backed collateral that every part else, perpetual swaps, foundation trades, stablecoin issuance, and prediction market margin, will more and more clear in opposition to.
Whether or not right this moment’s $9 billion turns into $80 billion will depend on regulation and charges, however the plumbing is in manufacturing on Ethereum and Solana. The query is now not whether or not TradFi collateral migrates on-chain, however how briskly DeFi protocols rewire round it.
